Credits
With thanks to the data providers and photographers whose work appears on CrossBorders.
Data credits
Population data is reproduced or adapted from the sources below. Figures may be rounded, converted to consistent units or aggregated. Source data retains its original licence; no provider endorses CrossBorders. Sources accessed August 2026.
- European Commission Joint Research Centre
© European Union, European Commission Joint Research Centre.
- OECD
- Eurostat
- Australian Bureau of Statistics
- Statistics Canada
- U.S. Census Bureau
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Spain
- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
- Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, Argentina
Adapted population aggregates are also available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
- Badan Pusat Statistik, Indonesia
- Philippine Statistics Authority
- National Centre for Statistics and Information, Oman
- Swiss Federal Statistical Office
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
- GeoNames / Unxos GmbH
- Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong SAR
- National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
- National Statistics Office of Georgia
Photo credits
This page is the attribution record for city photography used across our profiles, comparisons, ranking cards and other image placements, via Pexels and Wikimedia Commons. Photos are cropped and resized for display, and some are composited into CrossBorders-branded cards, including ranking layouts. The original photographs remain the work of their photographers and retain their original licences.
Licensed under CC BY
- Alexandria, EgyptDavid Evers from Amsterdam, Netherlands / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Astana, Kazakhstanсоветник советник / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Dakar, SenegalJeff Attaway from Abuja, Nigeria / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Johannesburg, South AfricaChris Eason / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Kuwait City, KuwaitZairon / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Muscat, OmanDr. Ondřej Havelka (cestovatel) / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
- Okinawa (Naha), Japan663highland / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Port Louis, Mauritiuscarrotmadman6 from Mauritius / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Pretoria, South AfricaSouth African Tourism / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
- Surabaya, IndonesiaSasha India / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY)
All city photographs
- Aarhus, DenmarkJoerg Mangelsen / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Abidjan, Côte d'IvoireSilvere Meya / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesJackson Jacob / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Accra, GhanaAna Kenk / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Addis Ababa, EthiopiaAbenezer Muluken / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Adelaide, AustraliaLuis La / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Alicante, SpainEmilio Sánchez Hernández / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Almaty, KazakhstanRadis B / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Amman, JordanAXP Photography / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Amsterdam, NetherlandsHans / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Anchorage, United StatesDavid McBee / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Ankara, TurkeyMehdi / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Antalya, TurkeyErik Karits / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Antwerp, BelgiumAyşe7 / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Asunción, ParaguayTom D'Arby / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Athens, GreeceK / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Atlanta, United StatesConnor Scott McManus / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Auckland, New ZealandDonovan Kelly / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Austin, United StatesPhil Evenden / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Baku, AzerbaijanZulfugar Karimov / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bali (Denpasar), IndonesiaValeriy Ryasnyanskiy / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bangkok, ThailandJonny Belvedere / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Barcelona, SpainAXP Photography / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Basel, SwitzerlandRamon Karolan / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Beijing, Chinazhang kaiyv / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Belfast, United KingdomDonovan Kelly / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Belgrade, SerbiaBoris Hamer / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Belize City, BelizeRoy Serafin / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bengaluru, IndiaUmar Andrabi / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bergen, NorwayLorenzo Castellino / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Berlin, GermanyJasper Kortmann / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bern, SwitzerlandBeat Bieri / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bilbao, SpainAtie van Hoorn / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Birmingham, United KingdomAdrien Olichon / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bogotá, ColombiaJuan Felipe Ramírez / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bologna, ItalyFrank Wesneck / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bordeaux, FranceTBD Traveller / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Boston, United StatesMohan Nannapaneni / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Brasília, BrazilMatheus Natan / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bratislava, SlovakiaSimófi István / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bridgetown, BarbadosNeil Marshall / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Brisbane, AustraliaMarcus Ireland / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bristol, United Kingdomguo fengrui / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Brno, CzechiaOlga Lioncat / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Brussels, BelgiumPaul Deetman / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Bucharest, RomaniaUiliam Nörnberg / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Budapest, HungaryK / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDan Monteggia / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Busan, South Koreathuan Nguyen / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cairo, EgyptDiego F. Parra / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Calgary, CanadaDonovan Kelly / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cali, ColombiaKevin Durango / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cambridge, United KingdomJean-Luc Benazet / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Canberra, AustraliaRobert So / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cancún, MexicoIsrael Torres / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cape Town, South AfricaAndrea Gambirasio / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Caracas, VenezuelaJoaquim Pacheco / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cartagena, Colombiapierre matile / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Casablanca, MoroccoAymane Hanni / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cebu City, PhilippinesHAVI3 / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Charlotte, United Statesandres Nino / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Chengdu, ChinaWilliam Liu / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Chennai, IndiaDaswin Ebenezer / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Chiang Mai, ThailandKE PHUAH 潘国荣 / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Chicago, United StatesJonathan S / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Chongqing, China余鑫磊 / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Christchurch, New ZealandJulito Elizalde / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaMaxime Max / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cologne, GermanyYassen Kounchev / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Colombo, Sri LankaSofiia Asmi / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Columbus, United StatesChris F / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Copenhagen, DenmarkValentin Ilas / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cork, IrelandPhil Evenden / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Cuenca, Ecuadoriam luisao / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Curitiba, BrazilRomeo Boalog / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Da Nang, VietnamJeffry Surianto / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Dallas, United StatesDominik Gryzbon / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaAlex Levis / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Delhi, IndiaRanjeet Chauhan / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Denver, United StatesNoel Aph / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Detroit, United States@coldbeer / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Dhaka, BangladeshFerdous Hasan / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Doha, QatarAbdullah Ghatasheh / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Dubai, United Arab EmiratesAshal Abbas / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Dublin, IrelandJonathan Borba / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Düsseldorf, GermanyMasood Aslami / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Edinburgh, United KingdomClément Proust / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Edmonton, CanadaAlexander Aubin / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Eindhoven, NetherlandsMahmood Alhussein / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Espoo, FinlandFanny Hagan-Södervall / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Faro, PortugalSergio Arteaga / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Florence, ItalyEva Hamitaj / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Florianópolis, BrazilZeca Souza / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Frankfurt, GermanyAdrian Schmidt / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Fukuoka, JapanGije Cho / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Funchal, PortugalAnita Kieseler / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Galway, IrelandJonathan Borba / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Gdańsk, PolandSergey Guk / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Geneva, Switzerlandchristine roy / Pexels (Pexels License)
- George Town, Cayman IslandsBrandon Morrison / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Glasgow, United KingdomLewis Ashton / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Goa (Panaji), IndiaMohit Hambiria / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Gold Coast, AustraliaParth Patel / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Gothenburg, SwedenRenata Meneses / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Granada, SpainRamon Karolan / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Graz, AustriaLukas Kaufmann / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Guadalajara, MexicoArturo Daniel León Peña / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Guangzhou, ChinaBryanken / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Guatemala City, GuatemalaPablo de Viaje / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Hamburg, GermanyWolfgang Weiser / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Hangzhou, ChinaAnsel Lee / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Hanoi, VietnamTuvictor . / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Havana, CubaMehmet Turgut Kirkgoz / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Helsinki, FinlandMarlon Castor / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamThể Phạm / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Hobart, AustraliaMark Direen / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Hong Kong, Hong Kong SARGije Cho / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Honolulu, United StatesJess Loiterton / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Houston, United StatesAdrian Newell / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Hyderabad, IndiaJansher Chakkittammal / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Innsbruck, AustriaWolfgang Weiser / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Islamabad, PakistanFAYSAL KHAN / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Istanbul, TurkeyAhmet Yılmaz / Pexels (Pexels License)
- İzmir, TurkeyFerhat Sezek / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Jakarta, IndonesiaAfif Ramdhasuma / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDeepak Kashyap / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Jerusalem, IsraelBerthold Werner / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
- Karachi, PakistanMuhammad Nabeel / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Kathmandu, NepalRoyonx / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
- Kigali, RwandaFaustin NKURUNZIZA / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Kingston, JamaicaKenrick Baksh / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Kochi, IndiaSpiffy / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Kolkata, IndiaTrishik Bose / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Kraków, PolandFernanda W. Corso / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaMunzir / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Kyoto, JapanAndrea De Santis / Pexels (Pexels License)
- La Paz, BoliviaNair Cristopher Sánchez Muñoz / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Lagos, NigeriaDavid Iloba / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Lahore, PakistanWasif Mehmood / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Larnaca, CyprusElyas / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainCanary Vista ES / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Las Vegas, United StatesStephen Leonardi / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Lausanne, SwitzerlandNeil Bates / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Leeds, United KingdomHoward Senton / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Lima, PeruAlvaro Palacios / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Limassol, CyprusRob Mowe / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Lisbon, PortugalNiklas Jeromin / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Ljubljana, SloveniaBrett Bennett / Pexels (Pexels License)
- London, United KingdomDiego HG / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Los Angeles, United StatesMiled Moussa / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Lugano, SwitzerlandYana Oleksiuk / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Luxembourg City, LuxembourgVish Pix / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Lyon, FranceMihai Vlasceanu / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Macau, Macautian Jin / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Madrid, SpainEmilio Garcia / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Málaga, SpainIrina Sakovich / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Malmö, SwedenNik Nikolla / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Manchester, United KingdomMax W / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Manila, PhilippinesPixabay / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Marbella, SpainMilan Trninic / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Marrakech, MoroccoTony Zohari / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Marseille, FranceElijah Cobb / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Medellín, ColombiaJuan Felipe Ramírez / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Melbourne, AustraliaLukas Kloeppel / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Mendoza, ArgentinaLucas Porras / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Mérida, MexicoJOMI WARRIOR / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Mexico City, MexicoMarcos Alberto García Urrea / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Miami, United StatesBrendon Spring / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Milan, ItalyDmitry Voronov / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Minneapolis, United StatesThomas Parker / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Mombasa, KenyaBobby Randu / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Monterrey, MexicoDante Muñoz / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Montevideo, UruguayCristiano Junior / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Montpellier, FranceMihai Vlasceanu / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Montréal, CanadaCyrill / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Mumbai, IndiaKeith Lobo / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Munich, GermanyDagmar Michalsky / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Nadi, FijiBryan Ricke / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Nairobi, KenyaMukula Igavinchi / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Naples, ItalyK / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Nashville, United StatesMINEIA MARTINS / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Nassau, BahamasMikhail Nilov / Pexels (Pexels License)
- New Orleans, United StatesDominik Gryzbon / Pexels (Pexels License)
- New York City, United StatesVictor Larracuente / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Nice, FranceAXP Photography / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Nicosia, CyprusSergei Gussev / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Orlando, United StatesM-DESIGNZ LLC / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Osaka, JapanFrancesco Albanese / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Oslo, NorwayApti Newim / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Ottawa, CanadaBraeson Holland / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Palma de Mallorca, SpainWolfgang Weiser / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Panama City, PanamaLuis Quintero / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Paris, Francemdworks / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Pattaya, ThailandPareekshith Indeever / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Penang (George Town), MalaysiaWilfried Strang / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Perth, AustraliaLine Knipst / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Philadelphia, United StatesSamyantak Mohanty / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Phnom Penh, CambodiaPiseth Mao / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Phoenix, United StatesChris The Island / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Phuket, ThailandKirandeep Singh Walia / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Playa del Carmen, MexicoPhotografia / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Portland, United StatesBrett Sayles / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Porto, PortugalHarry Shum / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Prague, CzechiaSHAHBAZ ZAMAN / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Pune, IndiaAnkit Rainloure / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Querétaro, MexicoOmar Espino / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Quito, EcuadorDiego F. Parra / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Raleigh-Durham, United StatesCurtis Adams / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Reykjavík, IcelandMagic K / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Riga, LatviaEfrem Efre / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Rio de Janeiro, BrazilArnaldo Silva / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaTayssir Kadamany / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Rome, ItalyClaudia Solano / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Rotterdam, NetherlandsStefano Parisi / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Sacramento, United StatesStephen Leonardi / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Salzburg, AustriaAlan Kabeš / Pexels (Pexels License)
- San Diego, United StatesSUKHEE LEE / Pexels (Pexels License)
- San Francisco, United StatesMo Eid / Pexels (Pexels License)
- San José, Costa RicaMario Spencer / Pexels (Pexels License)
- San Jose, United StatesAlbee K / Pexels (Pexels License)
- San Juan, Puerto RicoDiego F. Parra / Pexels (Pexels License)
- San Salvador, El SalvadorDiego Lopez / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Santa Cruz de Tenerife, SpainAtlantic Ambience / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Santiago, ChileDante Muñoz / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Santo Domingo, Dominican RepublicDaniel Cortorreal / Pexels (Pexels License)
- São Paulo, BrazilKaique Rocha / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Seattle, United StatesJulian Bracero / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Seoul, South KoreaMarkus Winkler / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Seville, SpainFlyWithHM | HM 📸 / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Shanghai, ChinaZhengyang TIAN / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Shenzhen, China光曦 刘 / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Singapore, SingaporeRichard L / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Sliema, MaltaEfrem Efre / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Sofia, BulgariaPham Ngoc Anh / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Split, CroatiaPixabay / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Stockholm, SwedenSusanne Jutzeler, suju-foto / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Strasbourg, FranceConnor Kelley / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Stuttgart, GermanyChris / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Suva, FijiYAWALO by Fonnzzzy / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Suzhou, ChinaRui Wang / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Sydney, AustraliaMacourt Media / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Taipei, TaiwanJimmy Liao / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tallinn, EstoniaNils Rotura / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tampa, United StatesM-DESIGNZ LLC / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tashkent, UzbekistanAXP Photography / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tbilisi, GeorgiaAhmet AZAKLI / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tel Aviv, IsraelВиктор Соломоник / Pexels (Pexels License)
- The Hague, NetherlandsBráulio jardim / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Thessaloniki, GreeceK / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tirana, AlbaniaValter Zhara / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tokyo, JapanAleksandar Pasaric / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Toronto, CanadaHéctor Berganza / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Toulouse, FranceTBD Traveller / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Trondheim, NorwayNextvoyage / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Tunis, TunisiaMahmoud Yahyaoui / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Utrecht, NetherlandsPaul Lichtblau / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Vaduz, LiechtensteinWolfgang Weiser / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Valencia, SpainTBD Traveller / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Valletta, MaltaEfrem Efre / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Vancouver, CanadaLukas Kloeppel / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Verona, ItalyHelena Jankovičová Kováčová / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Vienna, AustriaValentin Ivantsov / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Vilnius, LithuaniaMr Alex Photography / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Warsaw, PolandSHOX ART / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Washington, D.C., United StatesRamaz Bluashvili / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Wellington, New ZealandDonovan Kelly / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Windhoek, NamibiaHans Lutjes / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Wrocław, PolandSHOX ART / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Xiamen, Chinatoter yau / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Zagreb, CroatiaPham Ngoc Anh / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Zanzibar City, TanzaniaKeegan Checks / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Zug, SwitzerlandIlia Bronskiy / Pexels (Pexels License)
- Zürich, SwitzerlandIlia Bronskiy / Pexels (Pexels License)